Plant, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Plant Disease is an impedance of the typical condition of a plant that hinders or changes its fundamental capacities. All types of plants, wild and developed alike are liable to disease. Although each species is vulnerable to trademark diseases, these are, for each situation, moderately few in numbers. The event and predominance of plant diseases fluctuate from season to season, contingent upon the nearness of the pathogen, natural conditions, and the products and assortments developed. Some plant varieties are especially subject to periods of infections while others are more impervious to them. Despite the fact that plants have changed a considerable measure in the previous 450 million years, developing today in a gigantic assortment of shapes and sizes, they would all be able to be arranged into two requests, called tracheophytes and bryophytes. Tracheophytes are plants, similar to trees, blooming plants, and grasses that have a very much created vascular framework. Conversely, bryophytes are little plants that develop near one another and don't have a vascular framework, which makes them fundamentally the same as those first plants that developed on Earth a great many years back. The investigation of these old plants is called bryology, and the researchers who think about them are called bryologists.

• DNA Sequencing
• Bioindicators And Interdependency of Bryophytes
• Quarantine and Biological Integrated Methods

Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors) and also known as Phytopathology. Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. Whereas Mycology is the branch of Biology concerned with the study of Fungi including their Biochemical and Genetic properties. It branches into the field of Phytopathology and is closely related to phytopathology because vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi.

• Viral Diseases in Plants


• Parasitic Plants


• Plant Pathogens

Plant Hormones are also termed as Phytohormones are signal molecules that regulate Plant processes produced within the plants that occurs in extremely low concentration. It controls all aspects of growth and development from the embryogenesis. The regulations of organ size, pathogen defence, stress tolerance through to reproductive development. Each plant hormone is capable for producing hormone. Plant hormones are also used in human use and salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid has been widely used in Pharmaceuticals Company.

With the development of natural product chemistry, the potential of chemotaxonomy is now becoming increasingly obvious. The application of chemical data to systematic has received serious attention of a large number of biochemists and botanists. Chemically constituents may be therapeutically active or inactive. Numerous phytochemical surveys have been carried on for detecting diverse groups of naturally occurring phytochemicals. This research approach is considered effective in discovering bioactive profile of plants of therapeutic importance. The phytochemicals and plant extracts advertise are sectioned based on kind of phytochemicals and plant removes, enterprises in which they are material and area astute markets. Phytochemicals play a vital role when used in cosmetic preparations as antimicrobial agents as well as antioxidants. Herbal based cosmetics have gained popularity due to technological advances in manufacturing processes. The application of investigated plant species in various cosmetics was based on their phytochemical content and their pharmacological activities.

• Plant Specimen and Collection
• Phytochemical Screening
• Anti-fungal, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Inflammation Activities

Metabolic engineering defined as ‘‘the improvement of cellular activities by manipulation of enzymatic, transport, and regulatory functions of the cell with the use of recombinant DNA technologies.’’ Today, the availability of the complete genome sequence for several plants, together with the development of powerful techniques for the transformation and stable or transient expression of genes in plants brings plant metabolic engineering as a strong alternative to classical chemical synthesis for the production of pharmaceuticals and other important industrial compounds. Plant metabolic engineering involves the manipulation of existing metabolic pathways by either increasing or diverting flux to desire or from undesired products, respectively, or the generation of chemical entities not normally found in the plant production system through the introduction of genes from other organisms. Essential elements in the toolbox of the metabolic engineer are mechanisms to eliminate or overexpress gene activity.

Metabolic engineering defined as ‘‘the improvement of cellular activities by manipulation of enzymatic, transport, and regulatory functions of the cell with the use of recombinant DNA technologies.’’ Today, the availability of the complete genome sequence for several plants, together with the development of powerful techniques for the transformation and stable or transient expression of genes in plants brings plant metabolic engineering as a strong alternative to classical chemical synthesis for the production of pharmaceuticals and other important industrial compounds. Plant metabolic engineering involves the manipulation of existing metabolic pathways by either increasing or diverting flux to desire or from undesired products, respectively, or the generation of chemical entities not normally found in the plant production system through the introduction of genes from other organisms. Essential elements in the toolbox of the metabolic engineer are mechanisms to eliminate or overexpress gene activity.

• Metabolic Flux Analysis


• Setting Up a Metabolic Pathway for Analysis


• Determining the Optimal Genetic Manipulations

Plant nutrition and soil science is the study of the functions and dynamics of nutrients in plants, soils and ecosystems as well as of plant production processes with the aim to improve the growth of plants to increase the quality of harvest products, to improve soil fertility, to promote the recycling of   nutrients, to reduce the cost of resources, to minimize fertilization - related environmental impacts.

Plant tissue culture is a collection and technique used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissue or organ under the sterilized condition on a nutrient culture medium under known composition of plant tissue culture is widely used to harvest clones of a plant in a method known as micro propagation. Endangered, threatened and rare species have successfully been grown and conserved by micro-propagation because of high coefficient of multiplication and small demands on number of initial plants and space.

Plant tissue culture is considered to be the most efficient technology for crop improvement by the production of somaclonal and gametoclonal variants. The micro propagation technology has a vast potential to produce plants of superior quality, isolation of useful variants in well-adapted high yielding genotypes with better disease resistance and stress tolerance capacities.

Certain kind of callus cultures give rise to clones that have inheritable characteristics different from those of parent plants due to the possibility of occurrence of somaclonal variability, which leads to the development of commercially important improved varieties. Commercial production of plants through micro propagation techniques has several advantages over the traditional methods of propagation through seed, cutting, grafting and air-layering etc. It is quick propagation processes that can lead to the production of plants virus free.

• Callus culture
• Secondary metabolite production

In biology, a gene is a unit of heredity transferred from a parent to offspring. Regions or group of genes can make up a plant’s or animals DNA structure and are what determine some characteristics. More simply put, a gene contains a particular set of instructions.

Plant Genetics is a wide spectrum term. There are multiple types of genetics in general. The study of genetics is the branch of biology that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms. Plant genetics deals with the related activities of the plant that effect the day to day life processes of the plant.

Plant Genomics is the part of molecular biology working with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes in plants and widely used in Agriculture. Genomics deals with the study of genes, their expression and their activities, the role played in biology. Genomics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the sequencing and analysis of organism's genome. Genomics helps us in maintaining the large number of database that assists us to study genetic variation.

• Epigenetics and Epigenomics


• Phylogenomics  and Evolutionary Plant Genetics


• Gene Silencing and miRNAs

Bioinformatics is a terms which is tightly linked to the International Collaboration in genome sequencing projects and to the efforts of the pharmaceuticals industry in its drive for drug discovery and development etc. Bioinformatics allow us to come to the terms with the vast amount of data being generated by the genome sequencing projects. Powerful tools are needed to organize the data and to extend our ability to analyse these complex biological complex systems. Bioinformatics cover many topics including data bases on regulatory sequences; the regulation of gene expression; analyse and recognition of genome sequences; gene structure; gene prediction; modelling of transcriptional and translational control; large scale genomics on crop improvement.

In plant biology, these tools are helpful in improving crop, improving nutrition quality. It also aids in studying medicinal plants with the help of genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and helps in improving the quality of traditional medicinal material. Genomics helps in providing massive information to improve the crop phenotype. Bioinformatics have tools to analyse biological sequences like DNA, RNA and protein sequences. ‘Multiple alignments’ provides a method to estimate the number of genes in the gene families and also in the identification of the previously unidentified genes. The multiple alignment information helps in studying the gene expression pattern in plants. 

Plant cell biology is the study of all aspects of plant cells without emphasizing any one plant, organelle, molecule, or technique. It is particularly concerned with structure, growth, division, signalling, differentiation and death of plant cells. It Connects the fundamentals of plant anatomy, plant physiology, plant growth and development, plant taxonomy, plant biochemistry, plant molecular biology, and plant cell biology. It covers all aspects of plant cell biology without emphasizing any one plant, organelle, molecule, or technique. Although most examples are biased towards plants, basic similarities between all living eukaryotic cells (animal and plant) are recognized and used to best illustrate cell processes. This is a must-have reference for scientists with a background in plant anatomy, plant physiology, plant growth and development, plant taxonomy, and more.

• Drug discovery from natural sources and Herbal Medicines

Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defence against insects, fungi, diseases and herbivores mammals. These plants have been termed as Medicinal Plants or medicinal herbs. It has been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.  According to World Health Organization (WHO), about 70 per cent of the world’s population relies on plants for their primary health care and some 35,000 to 70,000 species have been used as medicaments, a figure corresponding to 14-28% of the 250,000 plants species estimated to occur around the world and equivalent to 35-70% of all species used worldwide. In today’s global market, more than 50 major drugs originated from tropical plants.

Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defence against insects, fungi, diseases and herbivores mammals. These plants have been termed as Medicinal Plants or medicinal herbs. It has been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.  According to World Health Organization (WHO), about 70 per cent of the world’s population relies on plants for their primary health care and some 35,000 to 70,000 species have been used as medicaments, a figure corresponding to 14-28% of the 250,000 plants species estimated to occur around the world and equivalent to 35-70% of all species used worldwide. In today’s global market, more than 50 major drugs originated from tropical plants.

Horticulture Sciences is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of vegetable garden plant growing. Horticulture is the science and art of producing, improving, marketing, and using fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. It differs from botany and other plant sciences in that horticulture incorporates both science and aesthetics.

Plant Molecular Biology is the exploration of the sub-molecular basis of vegetation. It is especially worried about the procedures by which the data encoded in the genome is showed as structures, procedures and practices.

Plant Biochemistry is the term used for the chemical processes used by plants. Some of these processes are used in their primary metabolism like the photosynthetic Calvin cycle and Crassulacean acid metabolism. Others make specialized materials like the cellulose and lignin used to build their bodies, secondary products like resins and aroma. Plant Biochemistry is not only an important arena of basic science explaining the molecular function of a plant, but is also an applied science that is in the position to contribute to the solution of agricultural and pharmaceutical problems. By controlling information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical procedures give rise to the complexity of life. Today, the main focus of Plant Biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur inside living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.

• Biotic and Abiotic stress in plants


• Photo- Morphogenesis &Photo-periodic


• Plant Hormones & Nutrition

Plant Science, Plant Biology, Botany or Phytology, is the science of plant life and branch of Biology. Botany has also included the study of Fungi and Algae by mycologists and phycologists. In basics, Plant Science is the study of plants in all their forms and interactions using a scientific approach. Plant Science originated as herbalism. Botany or the study of Plants, Developed as science and Investigations on the taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, physiology and ecology of plants were institutionalized as fields of advanced study at institutions of higher learning. The areas of plant study that placed major emphasis on the use of plants by humans or as agricultural products became known as the plant sciences. The plant and forestry, and specialized cross commodity fields such as agronomy, horticulture, entomology, integrated pest management.

Throughout human history, plants have been the object of universal and at times dominant artistic and intellectual interest. Plants were important subjects from the most primitive study of life processes, and they were central to scientific study in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Worthy reasons remain to study the basic life processes of plants. Research on plants enhances our intellectual life and adds to our knowledge about other life processes. The results of Plant research systems also can demonstrate us how to approach problems in agriculture, health, and the environment.

• Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanism


• Plants in Agriculture, Medicine, and Industry


• Plants and the Origin of Modern Biology.